The polymicrobial infection affects the infection recurrence rate (not failure) in treating femoral and tibial bone defects with the Masquelet technique-a comparative retrospective analysis of 54 patients with mono- and polymicrobial infections.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated whether polymicrobial infection affects reoperation rates due to infection recurrence and treatment failure with the Masquelet technique in infected posttraumatic segmental bone defects of the femur and tibia. METHODS:  We retrospectively analyzed patients treated between 2012 and 2021 in two trauma referral centers. We evaluated demographic data, injury, treatment, infection recurrence, failures, and bone healing rates according to whether the infection was mono- or polymicrobial. After uni-bivariate analysis between patients with polymicrobial and monomicrobial infection, we identified the variables associated with infection recurrence and failure through multivariate analysis. RESULTS:  We analyzed 54 patients, 30 (55.55%) with tibial and 24 (44.44%) femoral segmental bone defects, with a mean follow-up of 41.7 ± 15.0 months. Forty-four (81.48%) presented monomicrobial, and 10 (18.51%) polymicrobial infections. Comparatively, the need for soft tissue reconstruction and the infection recurrence rate was significantly higher in patients with polymicrobial infections. There was no significant difference in the failure rate (20 vs. 6.81% p = 0.23). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the polymicrobial infection as the only independent variable associated with infection recurrence (Odds Ratio = 11.07; p = 0.0017). CONCLUSION:  Our analysis suggests that polymicrobial infection is associated with a higher risk of infection recurrence in treating the femur and tibia segmental bone defects with the Masquelet technique. This information can help surgeons to inform patients about this and give them a realistic expectation of the outcome and the possibility of reoperation.

Two-Stage Treatment of Chronic Periprosthetic Knee Infections With the Use of Gentamicin-Articulated Spacers: Success Rate and Predictors of Failure at the Minimum Seven-Year Follow-Up.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the survivorship rates of 2-stage treatment with gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate articulated knee spacer in patients with chronic periprosthetic joint infection and to identify risk factors associated with failure. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study among 73 patients with chronic periprosthetic joint infection after primary total knee replacement with articulated polymethylmethacrylate gentamicin-impregnated spacers (Subiton, Medical Labs, Ind Argentina), performed in a single institution with a minimum follow-up of 7 years. Clinical and functional assessment was performed with Knee Society Score and Western and Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. A univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify the variables that influenced the success and failure rates. Results: We included 73 patients. There were 53 (71.3%) monomicrobial, 11 (15%) polymicrobial, and 10 (13.7%) negative cultures infections. The success and failure rates were 90.5% (n = 66) and 9.5% (n = 7), respectively. Multivariate analysis identified that age (odds ratio = 1.77; P = .039), greater erythrocyte sedimentation rate values prior to the first stage (odds ratio = 1.04; P = .006), and polymicrobial infections (odds ratio = 7.32; P = .0003) were independent variables associated with failure. Conclusions: Two-stage revision with polymethylmethacrylate gentamicin-impregnated knee spacers is an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic periprosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty. Age, higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate values prior first stage, and polymicrobial infections were independent risk factors for treatment failure.

Effectiveness of two-stage revision with commercial polymethylmethacrylate articulated hip spacer: similar outcomes against monomicrobial and polymicrobial hip periprosthetic joint infections.

Background: orthopaedic surgeons still struggle against a devastating complication - periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). A two-stage revision is considered the gold standard for chronic PJI for several authors, with success rates over 90 %. This strategy implies the remotion of the prosthesis and the implantation of an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer in the joint. The primary objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a two-stage revision approach using a commercial prefabricated antibiotic-impregnated cement hip spacer for the treatment of hip PJI regarding monomicrobial and polymicrobial infections. Secondly, to assess risk factors for failure of two-stage revision. Material and methods: we conducted a retrospective study on patients that underwent revision of total hip arthroplasty (THA) between January 2002 and January 20218. We included adult patients with a diagnosis of chronic hip PJI that underwent two-stage revision using a prefabricated gentamicin-impregnated cement of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) hip spacer. We assessed whether it was monomicrobial or polymicrobial infections and comorbidities. Treatment success was defined when eradication of the infection was observed and no further procedures or mortality were registered after the second stage. Persistence or recurrence of infection was considered a failure of treatment. Results: the final series consisted of 84 patients treated with the same hip spacer: 60 (71.4 %) monomicrobial and 24 (28.6 %) polymicrobial joint infections with an overall follow-up of 59.0 (36.0-84.0) months. The overall success rate was 90.5 %. Eight (9.5 %) patients failed. Smoking and BMI greater than 30 m kg-2 were identified independent risk factors for failure in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: our study suggests that prefabricated gentamicin-impregnated PMMA spacer is an effective tool for the treatment of PJI, achieving similar outcomes whether it is monomicrobial or polymicrobial infections. Randomized prospective studies are needed to obtain more reliable conclusions.

Pre-fracture ambulation capacity, Charlson comorbidity index, and dementia as predictors of functional impairment after bipolar hemiarthroplasty for unstable intertrochanteric fracture. A retrospective analysis in 158 octogenarian patients.

Background: the primary purpose of this study was to assess the ambulatory capacity 12 months after surgery in patients that underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BH) due to unstable intertrochanteric fractures (UITF). Secondly, to identify which preoperative variables influenced these modifications. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of patients older than 80 years with UITF treated with BH between 2010 and 2019. Ambulatory capacity was assessed before surgery, at 3 and 12 months postoperatively, using Koval's classification and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS). The registered variables were: gender, age, osteoporosis, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), ASA classification, body mass index (BMI), and dementia. The identification of variables that impaired postoperative functionality was performed by uni- and multivariate analysis. Results: 158 patients were included with a median age of 87 (range 80-102) years and a follow-up of 29.2 (range 12-56) months. The 1-year overall ambulatory capacity impairment was 28.5% and significantly affected pre-fracture community walkers (p = 0.001). A CCI >4 (OR 2.72; p = 0.044), dementia (OR 14.13; p = 0.0001), and a Koval 2-3 (OR 12.84; p = 0.001) were identified as risk factors for this impairment. Conclusion: Ambulation impairment at one year was 28.5%. The predictive characteristics found in this study help to identify patients with a greater risk of ambulation impairment and to focus rehabilitation plans to reduce this impact.

The relevance of the number of distal locking planes and nail to canal ratio in bone healing after intramedullary nailing in tibial shaft fractures.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the effect of the nail to canal ratio and the number and configuration of distal locking screws in bone healing in tibial shaft fractures. METHODS: We analyzed 223 consecutive tibial shaft fractures treated with reamed intramedullary nailing between January 2014 and December 2020. We recorded and evaluated the nail to canal ratio (NCR) and the number and configuration of distal locking screws. Median NCR was 0.87 (IQR 0.82-0.94). Ten (4.48%) fractures were treated with one distal locking screw, 173 (77.57%) with two, and 40 (17.93%) with three. Uniplanar fixation was used in 63 (28.25%), biplanar in 150 (67.26%), and triplanar in 10 (4.48%) cases. Uni-, bi-, and multivariate analyses were performed to compare patients who achieved bone union with those who did not. RESULTS: Bone union was achieved in 195 (87.44%) patients. Uni- and bivariate analyses showed that bone union increased significantly with larger NCR (p = 0.0001) and a greater number of locking planes (p = 0.001) and distal screws (p = 0.046). NCR > 0.78 (OR 48.77 CI 95% 15.39-154.56; p = < 0.0001) and distal locking screw configuration (OR 2.91 CI 95% 1.12-9.91; p = 0.046) were identified as independent variables for union. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that in tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing, NCR should be equal to or greater than 0.79. Additionally, distal locking screws should be used with a biplanar or triplanar configuration.

Morbimortalidad en pacientes con fracturas intertrocantéricas de cadera tratadas con clavos cefalomedulares. Valor predictivo del Índice de Movilidad de Parker / Morbidity and mortality in intertrochanteric hip fractures treated with cephalo-medullary nailing. Predictive value of the Parker mobility score

Introducción: La fractura de cadera es un factor independiente que aumenta la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio retrospectivo fue determinar la morbimortalidad en ancianos con fracturas intertrocantéricas de cadera tratadas con clavos cefalomedulares. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó a pacientes tratados con clavo cefalomedular por fractura intertrocantérica de cadera, entre 2018 y 2021, y un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Se registraron: datos demográficos, comorbilidades, capacidad funcional con el Índice de Movilidad de Parker, complicaciones y tasa de mortalidad a los 12 meses y al final del seguimiento. Se identificaron las variables independientes relacionadas con complicaciones o muerte. Resultados: Se incluyó a 68 pacientes (seguimiento medio 23 meses). La tasa de complicaciones fue del 8,8%: infección urinaria, neumonía, trombosis venosa profunda y tres pérdidas de fijación del tornillo cefálico. Al comparar pacientes con complicaciones o sin ellas, hubo diferencias significativas en la edad cuando se produjo la fractura. Las tasas de mortalidad anual y al concluir el estudio fueron del 2,9% y 29,4%, respectivamente. Las diferencias fueron significativas en la incidencia de comorbilidades renales, demencia, el Índice de Comorbilidad de Charlson >4 y el puntaje de Parker <5 en quienes fallecieron. El puntaje de Parker <5 fue la variable independiente relacionada con muerte. Conclusiones: Las tasas de complicaciones y de mortalidad a los 12 meses del tratamiento de las fracturas intertrocantéricas inestables de cadera con clavos cefalomedulares es aceptable en ancianos. El riesgo de muerte aumenta significativamente si el puntaje de Parker es <5 antes de la fractura. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Hip fracture represents an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the morbidity and mortality associated with intertrochanteric hip fractures fixed with cephalomedullary nails. materials and methods: We analyzed all patients treated between 2018 and 2021 with a cephalomedullary nail for an intertrochanteric hip fracture, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. We evaluated the demographic data, comorbidities, functional level through the Parker Mobility Score (PMS), complications, and mortality (12 months and at the end of follow-up). Variables related to postoperative complications or death were identified by bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: 68 patients were included. The mean follow-up was 23 (range 12-40) months. The rate of complications was 8.8% (n=6), 1 urinary tract infection, 1 pneumonia, 1 deep vein thrombosis, and 3 (4.4%) cephalic screw fixation losses. Patients who had complications presented significant differences in age at the time of fracture. Mortality at 12 months and at the end of the study was 2.9% (n=2) and 29.4% (n=20) respectively. Those patients who died presented significant differences in the incidence of kidney comorbidities, dementia, a Charlson Comorbidity Index > 4, and a PMS < 5. PMS < 5 was the only independent variable related to mortality. Conclusions: Cephalomedullary nailing in unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures in elderly patients represents a treatment option that offers an acceptable complication rate and a low 12-month mortality rate. The risk of death is significantly increased in patients with low functional scores (Parker < 5) pre-fracture. Level of Evidence: IV

Resultados iniciales del uso de cotilos de doble movilidad en pacientes >65 años con fractura de cadera. Análisis retrospectivo de 102 casos / Preliminary outcomes with dual mobility cups in patients older than 65 with hip fractures. A retrospective analysis of 102 patients

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio retrospectivo fue evaluar los resultados funcionales y la tasa de luxación en pacientes >65 años con fractura de cadera operados con prótesis de doble movilidad. materiales y métodos: Se analizó a los pacientes tratados por una fractura de cadera entre 2017 y 2021. Se incluyó a pacientes >65 años, tratados con copas de doble movilidad y un seguimiento mínimo de 24 meses. Se analizaron los datos demográficos, las comorbilidades, los resultados funcionales (Parker y puntaje de Harris), las complicaciones (infección, luxación, aflojamiento), las reoperaciones y revisiones. Resultados: Se trataron 102 fracturas de cadera (75 mediales y 27 intertrocantéricas) en 102 pacientes. El 72,5% eran mujeres (media de la edad 80.59 ± 6.92 años), el Índice de Comorbilidad de Charlson promedio fue de 4,71 y el puntaje ASA, 2,47. El 93,1% comenzó a caminar al segundo día de la cirugía. Según el puntaje de Harris, los resultados fueron excelentes o muy buenos en el 94,1%; los puntajes de Parker preoperatorio y posoperatorio no difirieron significativamente (p <0,05). El seguimiento promedio fue de 30 meses. Hubo 8 (7,84%) complicaciones: 2 (1,9%) casos de trombosis venosa profunda, 4 (3,9%) de tromboembolismo pulmonar, tres infecciones (2,9%) y una (0,9%) luxación. La tasa de reoperaciones fue del 2,9%. Conclusiones: Con el empleo de copas de doble movilidad se obtuvieron resultados funcionales aceptables y una tasa de luxación relativamente baja (0,9%). Esto sugiere que estos implantes representan una opción en el tratamiento de estas lesiones. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: This retrospective study aimed to assess the functional outcomes and dislocation rate in the treatment with dual mobility prostheses in patients older than 65 with hip fractures. materials and methods: We analyzed all patients treated between 2017 and 2021 for hip fractures in our service. We included patients older than 65 years, treated with dual mobility cups, and a minimum follow-up of 24 months. We analyzed demographic data, comorbidities, functional outcomes (Parker score and Harris Hip Score, HHS), complications (infection, dislocation, loosening), reoperations, and revisions. Results: We included 102 hip fractures (75 medial and 27 intertrochanteric) in 102 patients. Seventy-four (72.5%) were women, the mean age was 80.59 ± 6.92 years, the mean Charlson index was 4.71 (range 3-10), and ASA was 2.47 (1-4). 93.1% started walking on the second postoperative day. 94.1% presented excellent or very good outcomes according to the HHS, the postoperative Parker index did not show significant differences in comparison to the preoperative one (p < 0.05). The average follow-up was 30 months (range 24-60). There were 8 (7.84%) complications: 2 (1.9%) deep vein thrombosis, 4 (3.9%) pulmonary thromboembolism, 3 infections (2.9%), and 1 (0.9%) dislocation. The reoperation rate was 2.9%. Conclusions: We obtained acceptable functional outcomes using dual mobility cups with a relatively low dislocation rate (0.9%). This suggests that these implants are an option to consider in treating these lesions. Level of Evidence: IV

Tratamiento artroscópico del síndrome de fricción femoroacetabular en pacientes con displasia limítrofe. Estudio comparativo / Arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular friction syndrome in patients with borderline dysplasia. Comparative study

Introducción: El tratamiento artroscópico del síndrome de fricción femoroacetabular (SFFA) en displasia de cadera es controversial. Inicialmente, algunos estudios demostraron una tasa elevada de fallas, mientras que otros más recientes describieron una mejoría clínica comparable con pacientes sin falta de cobertura acetabular. El propósito de este estudio fue comparar los resultados clínicos y funcionales de la artroscopía de cadera en dos cohortes: pacientes con displasia borderline y pacientes con ángulo centro-borde normal. Materiales y métodos: evaluamos los resultados clínicos y funcionales utilizando el Harris Hip Score (HHS), Hip Outcome Score (HOS) y l Escala Visual Análoga del Dolor (EVA) del tratamiento artroscópico del SFFA para dos grupos de pacientes: el grupo 1 conformado por aquellos que presentaban displasia borderline (DB) y el grupo 2, compuesto por pacientes con un valor del ángulo centro-borde normal (ACBN). Resultados: los valores postoperatorios de las escalas de HHS y EVA no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos (87.0 ± 5.3 versus 85.8 ± 3.6; p = 0.200 y 1.5 ± 0.6 versus 1.3 ± 0.5; p = 0.07, respectivamente).No se observaron diferencias significativas con respecto a las actividades de la vida diaria del score de HOS (91.8 ± 6.6 versus 93.2 ± 5.9; p = 0.28), ni de deportes, (85.1 ± 7.7 ± 8.3 versus 88.3 ± 11.9; p = 0.19). Conclusión: los pacientes sometidos a una artroscopía de cadera con displasia borderline, alcanzan resultados clínicos y funcionales similares que aquellos con ACBN con una media de seguimiento de tres años. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: Arthroscopic treatment of femoral-acetabular impingement syndrome in patients with hip dysplasia is controversial. There are some reports that observed an increased failure rate in this type of patients. More recent studies described good patients clinical and functional outcomes, comparable with patients with a normal acetabular coverage. The purpose of this study was to assess functional and clinical outcomes of arthroscopic treatment of FAI in two cohorts: patients with Borderline Dysplasia and patients with a normal lateral center-edge angle. Materials and methods: we assessed patients reported outcomes of two groups of patients: group 1 that consisted in patients with Borderline Dysplasia and group 2, with patients with a normal lateral center-edge angle. The minimum follow-up required was three years. Results: there were no statistically significant differences regarding Harris Hip Score and Visual Analogue Scale of Pain respectively (87.0 ± 5.3 versus 85.8 ± 3.6; p = 0.200 y 1.5 ± 0.6 versus 1.3 ± 0.5; p = 0.07) after surgery between both groups. We didn't observe differences regarding Daily Living Activities (91.8 ± 6,6 versus 93.2 ± 5.9; p = 0.28) or Sports of Hip Outcome Score (85.1 ± 7.7 ± 8.3 versus 88.3 ± 11.9; p = 0.19).Conclusion: arthroscopic treatment of FAI syndrome in patients with borderline dysplasia, achieves good clinical and functional outcomes, comparable with patients with a normal lateral center-edge angle. Level of Evidence: III

Stress shielding in total knee replacements: Comparative analysis between titanium and all-polyethylene bases at 10 years follow-up.

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess bone resorption due to stress shielding in total knee replacement (TKR), comparing titanium bases (TiB) versus all polyethylene bases (APB), analyzing its incidence, progression and mechanical consequences after 10 years of follow-up. Methods: We evaluated two groups of patients undergoing TKR, one treated with TiB and the other with APB, operated consecutively between 2004 and 2009 with a diagnosis of idiopathic gonarthrosis and a minimum of 10 years of follow-up. Deen's radiographical method was used to assess tibial bone resorption. We assessed its incidence, progression, relationship with the femoro-tibial and prosthetic alignment, clinical outcomes and mechanical loosening. Results: Eighty-six patients were treated with TiB and 80 with APB with a median follow-up of 11 (range 10-15) years. The bone resorption rate in TiB was 24.41% and in APB was 1.25% (p < 0.0001). The type 2 of Deen's classification was the most frequently observed. Bone resorption was strongly correlated with preoperative varus femoro-tibial alignment and varus placement of the tibial component, also showing a significant association with postoperative femoro-tibial alignment correction (p 0.009). We observed no significant differences in functional scores or revision rates due to mechanical loosening after 10 years of follow-up between the groups. Conclusion: Titanium tibial bases in TKR showed a significantly higher incidence of medial tibia resorption compared to all-polyethylene bases. Our results suggest that bone resorption does not influence long-term mechanical loosening.

Bipolar hemiarthroplasty in unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients. The predictive value of the Charlson Comorbidity Index in 1-year mortality.

BACKGROUND: Hip fractures have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Aims: We retrospectively evaluated the predictive role of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) for 1-year mortality in elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures (ITHF) treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty. The secondary objective was to identify other relationships, if any, between the variables recorded and mortality. METHODS: We included ≥75-year-old patients with unstable ITHF treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty. We recorded patient gender, age, Body Mass Index, pre-fracture walking ability (Parker Mobility score, modified Harris Hip Score), America Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), time to surgery, time to mobilization, hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a ROC curve. RESULTS: A total of 135 patients with a mean age of 87.34 ± 5.5 years were included. The overall 1-year mortality rate was 18.5%. The CCI (OR 1.64 CI 95% 1.21-2.23; p 0.00821) and postoperative complications (OR 3.5 CI 95% 1.19-10.23 p 0.0202) were identified as independent predictors of 1-year mortality in the univariate regression and confirmed in the multivariate regression. CCI sensitivity to predict 1-year mortality was 80%. CONCLUSION: CCI has shown acceptable sensitivity in the prediction of 1-year mortality in elderly patients with unstable ITHF treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty. It is of utmost importance to prevent postoperative complications due to their significant impact on 1-year mortality.

Lavado con povidona yodada diluida en el reemplazo articular de cadera y rodilla para prevenir infecciones: estudio retrospectivo comparativo / Diluted povidone-iodine lavage in total hip and knee replacement: A retrospective comparative study

Introducción: Una de las medidas profilácticas para disminuir la incidencia de infecciones periprotésicas es el lavado con povidona yodada diluida, un agente con acción bactericida contra distintos microorganismos. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de infecciones periprotésicas dentro de los primeros 90 días, en pacientes a quienes se les realizó un lavado con povidona yodada luego de implantar los componentes protésicos y antes del cierre de la herida. materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un análisis retrospectivo comparativo de pacientes sometidos a artroplastias primarias de cadera y rodilla por artrosis y se comparó la incidencia de infecciones periprotésicas dentro de los primeros 90 días posoperatorios, entre pacientes que fueron operados antes de la introducción del lavado con povidona yodada y luego con su uso rutinario. Resultados: Se realizaron 643 (47,60%) reemplazos de rodilla y 708 (52,40%) reemplazos de cadera. Al comparar la incidencia de infecciones periprotésicas entre ambos grupos, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (0,92% vs. 0,21%; p = 0,11). Sin embargo, se incrementó el riesgo de infección en los primeros 90 días posteriores a la cirugía (OR = 4,5; IC95% 0,56-36,19) cuando no se utilizó la solución. Conclusiones: El riesgo de desarrollar infecciones periprotésicas se incrementó 4,5 veces al realizar una artroplastia sin irrigación con povidona yodada diluida. Sin embargo, no se pudo demostrar que esto fuese estadísticamente significativo. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: One of the prophylactic techniques to reduce the incidence of periprosthetic infections is dilute povidone-iodine lavage, an agent with bactericidal action against different microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of periprosthetic infections within the first 90 days in patients who had undergone povidone-iodine lavage after implantation of prosthetic components and before wound closure. Materials and methods: A comparative retrospective study was performed on patients who had undergone primary total hip or knee replacement due to advanced joint osteoarthritis between October 1999 and April 2020. We assessed the PJI rate between two cohorts: Group A, which consisted of patients who received povidone-iodine lavage routinely, and Group B, where this solution was not applied. Results: 643 (47.60%) knee replacements and 708 (52.40%) hip replacements were performed. When comparing the incidence of periprosthetic infections between both groups, no statistically significant differences were observed (0.92% vs. 0.21%; p = 0.11). However, the risk of infection was increased in the first 90 days after surgery (OR = 4.5; 95% CI 0.56-36.19) when the solution was not used. Conclusions: The risk of developing periprosthetic infections increased 4.5 times when performing an arthroplasty without irrigation with diluted povidone-iodine. However, this could not be shown to be statistically significant. Level of Evidence: III

Optimización preoperatoria del paciente antes de una artroplastía de cadera o rodilla: parte 1 / Preoperative patient optimization before hip or knee arthroplasty. Part 1

Las artroplastias de cadera y rodilla son estrategias que han demostrado ser efectivas en el tratamiento de la patología degenerativa articular. El reemplazo articular mejora la calidad de vida de la mayoría de los pacientes cuando el tratamiento conservador falla. Sin embargo, estas son cirugías mayores que conllevan un riesgo significativo de complicaciones, incluyendo la necesidad de una revisión. El propósito de este artículo es analizar los factores de riesgo modificables del paciente antes de la cirugía, a fin de disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones posoperatorias. Estudios recientes han descripto ciertos factores de riesgo modificables, inherentes al paciente y que incrementan la posibilidad de complicaciones posoperatorias luego de un reemplazo articular de cadera o rodilla. Estos incluyen obesidad, malnutrición, tabaquismo, diabetes, anemia, deficiencia de vitamina D, consumo de opioides, artropatías inflamatorias, insuficiencia renal crónica y colonización por estafilococco meticilino-resistente. Si conseguimos optimizar estas condiciones durante el preoperatorio, reduciremos el riesgo de complicaciones posoperatorias. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Hip and knee arthroplasties are well-known effective strategies for joint osteoarthritis. Joint replacement reliably improves quality of life for most patients when non-operative measures have failed. However, these are major surgeries that carry significant risks, including the need for revision surgery. The purpose of this article is to discuss preoperative modifiable risks parameters of the patient prior to joint replacement to decrease complication risks. Recent studies have described several modifiable factors that increase the risk of postoperative complications following hip and knee replacement. These include obesity, malnutrition, tobacco use, diabetes, anaemia, vitamin D deficiency, opioid use, inflammatory arthropathy, kidney chronic insufficiency and meticilin-resistant staphylococci colonization. If we achieve preoperative optimization of these conditions, we should minimize the risk of adverse outcomes. Level of Evidence: IV

Distal fixation stems for revision of total hip replacement.

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess patients treated with modular, non-cemented, tapered, fluted, distal fixation stems. We included patients with 24 months mínimum follow-up. Diagnosis that led to revisions were described. The radiographic analysis was made with preoperative, immediate postoperative and last control postoperative X-rays. Sixty-seven patients met inclusion criteria. We observed 59,7% (n=40) Osteointegration, 34,3% of Stable Fibrosis and 5,97% Unstable fibrosis. Stress Shielding was registered with 10,44% and Subsidence was observed in 34,3% of the patients. Modular, fluted, tapered, distal fixation stems have an excellent survival rates.

The effectiveness of antibiotic cement-coated nails in post-traumatic femoral and tibial osteomyelitis - comparative analysis of custom-made versus commercially available nails.

Background: The first objective of this retrospective study was to assess infection control rates in patients with chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis (CPTO) of the femur or tibia treated with antibiotic cement-coated nails. The second objective was to compare the efficacy of custom-made nails versus commercially available antibiotic-coated nails in terms of infection control and need for reoperation. Methods: We reviewed a consecutive series of CPTO patients treated with antibiotic-coated nails who had a minimum follow-up of 24 months. We recorded the characteristics of the initial injury, the type of nail used, cement-nail debonding, infecting microorganisms, operating time, infection control, need for reoperation, and failure rate. We performed a comparative analysis between nails manufactured in the operating room (i.e., custom-made) and those commercially available. Results: Thirty patients were included. The affected bones were the femur ( n = 15 ) and the tibia ( n = 15 ). Twenty-one of the 30 initial injuries were open fractures. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated microorganism (50 %). Sixteen patients were treated with custom-made nails and 14 with commercially available antibiotic-coated nails. At the time of extraction, four out of five custom-made antibiotic-coated nails experienced cement-bone debonding. Commercial nails were associated with shorter operating times ( p < 0.0001 ). The overall infection control rate was 96.66 %. Eight (26.66 %) patients needed reoperation. There was one failure (3.33 %) in the group treated with custom-made antibiotic-coated nails. We did not find significant differences between nail types in terms of reoperation, infection control, and failure rate. Conclusions: The use of antibiotic cement-coated nails proved useful in CPTO treatment. Commercially available nails had significantly shorter operating times and did not present cement-bone debonding during removal. Our results seem to indicate that both nail types are similar in terms of infection control and reoperation rates.

Comportamiento de los tallos no cementados recubiertos con hidroxiapatita colocados con alineación coronal inadecuada en la artroplastia primaria de cadera. Resultados del seguimiento a largo plazo / Behavior of hydroxyapatite-coated cementless stems placed with coronal malalignment in primary hip arthroplasty. Long-term follow-up results

Introducción: La mala alineación de los tallos femorales no cementados sigue siendo un tema controvertido. Algunos autores han comunicado una inadecuada osteointegración y hundimiento en los tallos en varo y otros no encontraron dichos efectos adversos, pese a la incorrecta alineación. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la prevalencia de tallos no cementados con cobertura total de hidroxiapatita en deseje coronal y mostrar los resultados clínico-radiográficos a largo plazo. materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo entre 2006 y 2009. Se analizaron 220 reemplazos totales de cadera primarios con tallos no cementados con cobertura completa de hidroxiapatita. La alineación coronal fue analizada con radiografías anteroposteriores de ambas caderas en 10° de rotación interna. Se registraron datos, como osteointegración, hundimiento, osteólisis femoral proximal e hipertrofia cortical. Para el análisis clínico se utilizó el Harris Hip Score. El análisis de supervivencia contempló la necesidad de revisión por cualquier causa. Resultados: La prevalencia de tallos en deseje fue del 32,3%, con mayoría de implantes en varo (73,3%). El Harris Hip Score tuvo un incremento estadísticamente significativo (41,05 ± 6,5 vs. 90,05 ± 2,5; p <0,01). El 73,1% de los tallos desarrollaron una fijación ósea estable. Se observó osteólisis femoral proximal en el 3% de los casos. Hubo un 3% de fracturas periprotésicas femorales. La supervivencia de la prótesis fue del 100% a los 10.9 años. Conclusión: Los tallos no cementados con cobertura total de hidroxiapatita toleran adecuadamente la alineación coronal en varo/valgo a largo plazo. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Coronal malalignment of non-cemented stems remains controversial. It's been reported that femoral stems implanted with varus or valgus developed subsidence and lack of integration with femoral bone. The purpose of this study was to calculate prevalence of coronal malalignment in cementless, fully coated with hydroxialapatyte (HA) femoral stems focusing in their long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was performed, assessing 220 primaries total hip replacements with non-cemented, fully coated with HA, femoral stems between 2006 and 2009. Coronal alignment was assessed with hips antero-posterior views with 10º of internal rotation of lower limbs. We registered data about subsidence, proximal femoral osteolysis and cortical hipertrophy. Functional outcomes were assessed with Harris Hip Score (HHS). Free revision rate implant survival was calculated. Results: Prevalence of femoral stems with malalignment was 32.3%. HHS showed an statistically significant increase after surgery (41.05 ± 6.5 versus 90.05 ± 2.5; p <0.01). There were 73.1% of femoral stems that achieved a bone stable fixation. We observed proximal femoral osteolysis in 3.0% of the patients and there were 3% of periprosthetic fractures. Free-revision survival rate was 100% at 10.9 years of follow-up. Conclusion: Cementless, fully coated with HA femoral stems with varus/valgus malalignment achieves good long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes. Level of Evidence: IV

Vástagos estriados cónicos modulares en revisión de artroplastia total de cadera. Estudio multicéntrico. Resultados y complicaciones a mediano plazo / Modular fluted tapered stems in revision total hip arthroplasty. Multicenter study. Medium-term results and complication rate

Introducción: Debido al crecimiento exponencial del número de artroplastias de cadera, se espera una mayor cantidad de re-visiones en las próximas décadas. Los vástagos cónicos estriados modulares se han vuelto populares en la última década por sus resultados favorables. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los resultados, las complicaciones y la tasa de supervivencia de estos vástagos en las revisiones de cadera, con un seguimiento a mediano plazo. materiales y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 182 pacientes a quienes se les realizó una cirugía de revisión de cadera entre 2007 y 2017. Se colo-caron 185 vástagos cónicos estriados de fijación distal. El déficit de stock óseo femoral se clasificó según Paprosky y Burnett; y las facturas periprotésicas, según la clasificación de Vancouver. Se evaluó a los pacientes clínicamente con el Harris Hip Score (HHS) y con radiografías a los 3 meses y anualmente para evaluar la estabilidad del vástago, la subsidencia y el aflojamiento, así como la consolidación de la osteotomía. Resultados: Seguimiento medio 55.18 meses. El HHS posoperatorio tuvo una media de 80,28 (DE = 12,8, IC95% 78,5-82,97). No hubo complicaciones posoperatorias en el 75,4% de los pacientes. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron inestabilidad (7,6%) y subsidencia del implante (11,5%). Al final del seguimiento, el 95,05% de los pacientes tenía un implante estable. Conclusiones: Los vástagos cónicos estriados modulares de fijación distal proporcionan una solución confiable, reproducible y duradera para el manejo de revisiones de componentes femorales a medio plazo. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Background: The number of arthroplasties performed every year is increasing; therefore, a greater number of revisions is expected in the coming decades. Modular fluted tapered stems have become the gold standard for their results in different series of patients. The objective of this article is to evaluate the results, complications and the survival rate of these stems in hip revisions with a medium-term follow-up. Materials and Methods: Retrospective, multicenter analysis. One hundred eighty-two patients who had undergone hip revision surgery between 2007 and 2017 were included. One hundred eighty-five modular fluted tapered stems were placed. Femoral bone stock defects were classified according to Paprosky and Burnett; and periprosthetic femur fractures according to Vancouver classification. Patients were evaluated clinically with Harris Hip Score (HHS) and radiographically 3 months after surgery and every year to assess stem stability, subsidence and loosening, as well as osteotomy healing. Results: Average follow-up was 55.18 months. Postoperative HHS had an average of 80.28 (SD = 12.8, 95% CI = [78.5, 82.97]). There were no postoperative complications in 75.4% of the patients. The most frequent complications were instability in 7.6% and implant subsidence in 11.5%. At the end of the follow-up, 95.05% of the patients had a stable implant. Conclusion: Modular fluted tapered stems provide a reliable, reproducible solution for the management of femoral component revisions at medium-term. Level of Evidence: IV

Satisfacción y retorno deportivo luego de tratamiento artroscópico del síndrome de fricción femoroacetabular / Satisfaction and return-to-sport after arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de fricción femoroacetabular (SFFA) es frecuentemente diagnosticado en atletas que participan en deportes con súbitos cambios de dirección como fútbol, básquet, tenis y en otras actividades con rangos suprafisiológicos de movimiento, como el ballet o yoga. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar el retorno al deporte de los pacientes a los que se les realizó una artroscopía de cadera como tratamiento del SFFA. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes que realizaban deportes antes de la cirugía y que fueron tratados mediante una artroscopía de cadera por diagnóstico de SFFA, con un seguimiento mínimo de dos años. Todos fueron evaluados mediante una encuesta escrita acerca del deporte que realizaban, el tiempo de retorno a la práctica, en qué nivel competitivo la llevaban a cabo y la satisfacción con la cirugía. Se evaluaron los scores mediante Harris Hip Score modificado (mHHS) y la escala de Tegner antes y después de la cirugía. Resultados: se evaluaron ciento cuatro artroscopías de cadera, con seguimiento promedio de 29.4 meses (rango 24 ­ 46), en cuarenta y cinco (43.3%) mujeres y cincuenta y nueve (56.7%) hombres. Observamos que noventa y seis (92.3%) pacientes fueron capaces de retornar a su actividad deportiva con una media de 4.7 meses (rango 2-9). Ocho (7.7%) pacientes no pudieron retornar al deporte luego de la cirugía. Del total de la muestra, el 95.2% refirió estar conforme con la cirugía. Las puntuaciones del mHHS mostraron un incremento estadísticamente significativo (69.2 ± 4.8 versus 87.5 ± 4.4; p <0.05). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas con los puntajes observados en la escala de actividad de Tegner (6.6 ± 0.9 versus 6.3 ± 1; p >0.05). Discusión: previamente se ha documentado en la literatura que la mayoría de los pacientes que realizan actividad deportiva recreacional, y que fueron sometidos a una artroscopía de cadera por presentar SFFA, pueden retornar a su actividad deportiva previa y presentan un alto índice de satisfacción postoperatoria. Nuestros resultados se condicen con la bibliografía.Conclusión: el tratamiento artroscópico del SFFA, en pacientes que realizan deportes de forma recreacional, brinda una tasa elevada (>90%) de satisfacción, de retorno a la práctica y a un nivel similar al que presentaban antes de la cirugía

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess return to sport of patients after hip arthroscopy for treatment of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI). Materials and Methods: patients with sports activity prior to surgery and who underwent hip arthroscopy due to FAI syndrome, with minimum follow-up of two years were included. All patients had to complete a written survey about type of sports they performed, sports return, competition level and satisfaction with surgery. Modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) was assessed, and level of sport activity was registered, according to Tegner's Activity Scale.Results: one hundred and four hip arthroscopies were available for full analysis with minimum follow-up of 29.4 (24 ­ 46) months. We observed ninety-six (92.3%) patients were able to return to same prior sports activity at a mean of 4.7 (range 2 ­ 9) months. Eight (7.7%) patients were unable to return to sports after surgery. 95.2% reported agreement with hip surgery. mHHS score showed an statistically significant increase after surgery (69.2 ± 4.8 versus 87.5 ± 4.4; p <0.05). There was no significant difference in Tegner's Activity Scale. Discussion: several authors sustain that patients with recreational sports activity who underwent hip arthroscopy for FAI syndrome, achieve excellent outcomes, and able to return to their prior level of competition with a high rate of satisfaction. Our results are similar, according with literature. Conclusion: FAI treatment with arthroscopy achieves high rates of satisfaction and sports return, with similar competition level before surgery

Artroscopía de cadera en pacientes mayores de cincuenta años. Resultados a mediano plazo / Hip arthroscopy in patients over fifty years. Mid-term outcomes

Introducción: En sus comienzos, la artroscopía de cadera evidenciaba mejores resultados en pacientes jóvenes con síndrome de fricción femoroacetabular (SFFA), pero con el tiempo las indicaciones se extendieron. Actualmente, pacientes de edad avanzada, con bajo grado de daño condral, sin artrosis severa, también presentan buenos resultados funcionales. El propósito de este estudio es analizar los resultados clínicos y funcionales de los pacientes con edad igual o mayor de cincuenta años que fueron tratados con una artroscopía de cadera con un diagnóstico de SFFA.Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes a partir de los cincuenta años con diagnóstico de síndrome de fricción femoroacetabular (SFFA), a los que seles realizó artroscopía de cadera y que completaron un seguimiento mínimo de tres años. Se registró la presencia de Pincer y CAM. Además, se evaluó el grado de artrosis y daño condral según la escala de Tönnis, y Outerbridge, respectivamente. Resultados: fueron medidos mediante el HHS, HOS y VAS. Se utilizó test de Spearman para evaluar el grado de correlación. Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal para determinar asociación entre edad y HHS/VAS.La serie finalmente quedó conformada por cuarenta y un pacientes, con una edad promedio de 54.6 ± 3.9 (50 ­ 64) con un seguimiento promedio de 4.2 años (3 ­ 5.5). Discusión: se demostró una mejoría estadísticamente significativa en el score de Harris Hip y escala visual análoga (EVA) del dolor postoperatorio (73.6 ± 6.4 versus 88.1 ± 5.1; p <0.01 y 7.2 ± 1.3 versus 2.4 ± 2.0; p <0.01).Conclusión: la artroscopía de cadera es un procedimiento con muy buenos resultados clínicos y funcionales en pacientes mayores de cincuenta años. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Introductión: Hip arthroscopy has been reported to achieve great clinical outcomes in young people, and over time, this procedure expanded its indications. Currently, elderly patients, with no or minimum chondral injury, also achieves great results. The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess patients over fifty years old, with femoro-acetabular impingement syndromethat underwent reported hip arthroscopy.Materials and methods: all patients underwent hip arthroscopy due to FAI syndrome and completed three years minimum follow-up. Tönnis osteoarthritis and Outerbridge chondral damage scales were used. Surgery outcomes were assessed with HHS, HOS and VAS. Correlation was assessed by Spearman test. Linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate grade of association between age and HHS/VAS.Results: forty-one patients underwent full analysis, with a mean age of 54.6 ± 3.9 (50 ­ 64) and a mean follow up of 4.2 (3 ­ 5.5) years. Discussion: we observed statistically significant improvement of HHS and VAS after surgery (73.6 ± 6.4 versus 88.1 ± 5.1; p <0.01 and 7.2 ± 1.3 versus 2.4 ± 2.0; p <0.01).Conclussion: hip arthroscopy achieves good clinical outcomes in patients over fifty years. Level of Evidence: IV

Artroplastia total de rodilla en pacientes con secuela de fracturas articulares: Resultados del seguimiento a mediano plazo / Total knee arthroplasty in patients with joint fracture sequela: Mid-term follow-up outcomes

Introducción: Las fracturas articulares de rodilla son frecuentes y pueden evolucionar a gonartrosis postraumática. El tratamiento en su estadio final es el reemplazo total de rodilla (RTR). Cuando se indica, el especialista se enfrenta a situaciones que predisponen a resultados menos satisfactorios. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los resultados del RTR en pacientes con secuela de fracturas articulares de rodilla, con un seguimiento mínimo de 4 años. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional, entre mayo de 1999 y enero de 2013. Se evaluaron 25 RTR en 24 pacientes (edad promedio 67.1 años) con secuela de fractura articular de rodilla y un seguimiento promedio de 6.1 años. Tres (12%) tenían cirugías anteriores al RTR. Ocho se resolvieron en dos tiempos. Se empleó un implante constreñido en 4 pacientes (16%). Se determinaron el KSS, el KSSf y el rango de movilidad preoperatorios y del último control. Se documentó la supervivencia del implante. Resultados: El KSS se incrementó de 38,5 en el preoperatorio a 82,8 en promedio. El KSSf posoperatorio mejoró de 48 a 85. El rango de movilidad aumentó de un promedio de 7,5-76° a 1-102,4° en el posoperatorio. Cuatro casos fueron reoperados. La supervivencia de la prótesis fue del 92% a los 6.1 años. Conclusiones: El RTR es adecuado para la gonartrosis postraumática en su estadio final, con buenos resultados a mediano plazo. Si se logran una adecuada alineación posoperatoria y un correcto posicionamiento de los componentes, los resultados son satisfactorios y se asemejan a los del RTR por gonartrosis idiopática. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Knee joint fractures are common in Orthopedics, and may evolve to post-traumatic Osteoarthritis (PTOA). Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective treatment for the end-stage of this process. When indicated, orthopedic surgeons face many situations that may cause unsatisfactory results and affect prosthesis survival. The purpose of our study was to evaluate TKA outcomes on Osteoarthritis secondary to distal femoral and proximal tibial joint fractures, in cases with a minimum follow-up period of 4 years. Materials and Methods: We carried out an observational, retrospective study on TKA patients treated between May 1999 and January 2013. We evaluated 25 TKAs, performed on 24 patients, with knee fracture sequela, with an average follow-up of 6.1 years and an average age of 67.1 years. Three cases (12%) had required additional surgeries before TKA. Eight cases (32%) were 2-stage surgeries. Constrained implants were used in four cases (16%). The Knee Society Score (KSS), the Functional KSS (KSSf) and the Range of Motion (ROM) were evaluated preoperatively and at the last follow-up. Prosthesis survival evaluation was documented. Results: KSS increased from a preoperative average of 38.5 to a postoperative average of 82.8. Postoperative KSSf increased on average from 48 to 85. ROM increased on average from 7.5°-76° to 1°-102.4°. Four patients required a second surgical procedure. Prosthesis survival was 92% at a 6.1-year average follow-up. Conclusion: TKA is an appropriate treatment for advanced PTOA, with good mid-term outcomes. If adequate postoperative alignment and correct component positioning is achieved, expected outcomes are satisfactory and similar to those with TKA in primary osteoarthritis. Level of Evidence: IV

How do the new Olympic sports compare with the traditional Olympic sports? Injury and illness at the 2018 Youth Olympic Summer Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To describe injuries and illnesses across traditional and new sports among the participating athletes of the Buenos Aires 2018 Youth Olympic Summer Games (BA YOG) (6-18 October 2018). METHODS: We recorded the daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues manned by the BA YOG 2018 medical staff. RESULTS: In total, 3.984 athletes from 206 NOCs were observed. NOCs and BA YOG 2018 medical staff reported 619 injuries and 334 illnesses, equalling 15.5 injuries and 8.4 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 13-day period. The eight new sports on the Youth Olympic programme (futsal, beach handball, karate, roller speed skating, kitesurfing, BMX freestyle, climbing and break dancing) fell in between the other sports with respect to injury and illness risk. Injury incidence was highest in rugby (43% of all rugby players), followed by boxing (33%) and badminton (24%), and lowest in swimming, archery, roller speed skating, equestrian, climbing and rowing (<5%). The highest incidences of illness were recorded in golf (20%), followed by triathlon (16%), beach volleyball and diving (both 14%). Of the illnesses, 50% affected the respiratory system and 15% the gastrointestinal system. Injury and illness incidences varied between continents with athletes representing Europe having significantly fewer injuries and illnesses compared with other continents, apart from a similar illness incidence to Asian athletes. CONCLUSION: The overall injury incidence of 15.5 injuries per 100 athletes was higher, while the overall illness incidence of 8.4 illnesses per 100 athletes was similar to previous youth and Olympic Games. The new sports did not differ significantly compared with the other sports with respect to injury and illness risk.